Neurophysiology is the study of the function (as opposed to structure) of the nervous system. Currently it has become an interdisciplinary science that involves other disciplines such as cognitive and neuro-psychology, computer science, statistics, physics, philosophy, and medicine. Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology. Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.
Cognition, or cognitive processes, can be natural or artificial, conscious or unconscious.Īrousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli. The term " cognition" refers to the activities involved in processing information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences. " Learning" means acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, preferences or understanding, and may involve synthesizing different types of information. " Memory" is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information.
Motor control comprises the activities carried out by the nervous system that organize the musculoskeletal system to create coordinated movements and skilled actions. Spinothalamic tract: Pain: Nociceptors Temperature: Thermoreceptors Proprioception: Golgi organ - Muscle spindle ( Intrafusal muscle fiber) Medial lemniscus: Touch/ mechanoreceptors: Pacinian corpuscles - Meissner's corpuscles - Merkel's discs - Ruffini endings - Free nerve endings - Hair cells - Baroreceptor edit Nervous system, receptors: somatosensory system.Neural development comprises the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to the final years of life. Computer scientists and engineers also study artificial neural networks formed by simplified mathematical abstractions of the signaling properties of biological neurons. Interactions between neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors can evoke a wide range of differing responses from the cell receiving the signal, including excitation, inhibition, and various types of modulation.Ī biological neural network is a population of physically interconnected neurons that act cooperatively to form a functional circuit. Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that relay, amplify, and modulate signals between neurons and other cells to which they are synaptically connected.Ī neurotransmitter receptor is a membrane receptor that can be activated by a neurotransmitter. Synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Schwann cell, oligodendrocyte, nodes of Ranvier, internode, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, neurolemmaĮpineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, nerve fascicle, meninges Neuropil, synaptic vesicle, neuromuscular junction, electrical synapse - Interneuron ( Renshaw)įree nerve ending, Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel nerve ending, Muscle spindle, Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini ending, Olfactory receptor neuron, Photoreceptor cell, Hair cell, Taste budĪstrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, microglia, radial glia GSE, GVE, SVE, Upper motor neuron, Lower motor neuron ( α motorneuron, γ motorneuron) GSA, GVA, SSA, SVA, fibers ( Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain)Įfferent nerve/ Motor nerve/ Motor neuron Types ( bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar, pyramidal, Purkinje, granule)Īfferent nerve/ Sensory nerve/ Sensory neuron Soma, axon ( axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, neurofibril/neurofilament), dendrite ( Nissl body, dendritic spine, apical dendrite, basal dendrite) Oligodendrocyte (CNS) vs Schwann cell (PNS).Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or glia, are supportive cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a collective term for the nervous system structures that do not lie within the CNS. The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system, and includes the brain and spinal cord. White matter (more myelinated) vs Grey matter.Nerve(PNS) vs Tract (neuroanatomy) (CNS).Ganglion (PNS) vs Nucleus (neuroanatomy) (CNS).The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and send signals between different parts of its body.
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